Ontology field guide
By NOSIBLE Research
PLOVER Political Events
PLOVER converts political interactions into comparable event classes, actions and contextual qualifiers through time across markets.
Political risk changes through actions, not sentiment alone. Consultation, threats, sanctions, mobilisation and assault represent different interactions with different economic channels. PLOVER standardises those actions into event classes, event-specific modes and independent contexts.[1][2]
World applies PLOVER to canonical events so researchers can measure escalation, support, coercion and de-escalation through time. Those features can be joined point in time to exposed firms, currencies, commodities and sovereign risk. This page provides the complete structure, World counts, a Russia-Ukraine sequence and reproducible data for testing political actions against market exposures.[3][4]
- Categories
- 88 categories
- Structure
- 2 levels
- World events labelled
- 11.3%
- Stable codes
- Since v1
- Release data
- CC0
Foundations
PLOVER records political actions while leaving severity and escalation unranked by design
PLOVER defines 16 political event classes. Modes refine an event only where the specification permits them. Contexts are independent qualifiers that can accompany any class. The structure preserves the difference between verbal pressure, material coercion, support, consultation and armed action without forcing every episode onto one continuous score.[1]
World classifies the action described in an event record. It does not identify a causal actor-target pair, verify intent or reconstruct every interaction in a campaign. A report can contain several actions while the event receives one selected path. Researchers should test class composition and transitions before estimating any scalar escalation measure.[2]
Categories
Sixteen event classes combine with conditional modes and independent political contexts
PLOVER contains 88 categories: 16 event classes, 35 event-specific modes and 37 independent contexts. Event classes and contexts are roots; allowed modes sit beneath their event. The explorer preserves those rules and exposes definitions, paths and World V1.2 counts. World assigns PLOVER to 1,731,529 events, or 11.3% of the corpus.[1]
1,731,529 of 15,311,040 World events carry labels from PLOVER Political Events. Select a category to see its count and both relevant shares.
AGREE
AGREE
Definition
Political actors reach, ratify or publicly commit to an agreement.
Potential research use
Declared consensus or completed agreement
- Code
- AGREE
- Events with label
- 37,295
- Share of labelled
- 2.2%
- Share of World
- 0.2%
Events with label is the selected count. Label share divides it by 1,731,529 assigned events; World share divides it by all 15,311,040 events.
Representative World V1.2 events
One strong classified example per available year, with up to ten years shown.
China France Agree on Climate Compliance Checks for Paris Deal
Coverage 22Saudi Arabia Russia Qatar Venezuela Agree to Freeze Oil Output
Coverage 126Gujarat Congress and PAAS agree on Patel reservation ahead of polls
Coverage 78G20 Ministers Agree to Finalize Global Digital Tax Rules by 2020
Coverage 27NFL and Players Union Agree on Daily COVID-19 Testing Protocols
Coverage 215Biden and Xi Agree to Abide by Taiwan Agreement Amid Rising Tensions
Coverage 84India and GCC agree to resume free trade agreement negotiations
Coverage 54India China Agree on LAC Patrolling to Enable Disengagement in Ladakh
Coverage 748NATO Members Agree to 5% GDP Defense Spending Target by June Summit
Coverage 80US and Iran Agree to Peace Deal Wording to End War
Coverage 6,631
Browse categories to compare definitions, World V1.2 statistics and representative classified events.
Example usage 1 of 3
Example Usage: Russia–Ukraine invasion raises sanctions as threats fall during the opening phase
The cohort requires a Russian and Ukrainian actor in the same canonical event. Normalized coverage rises from 873 events per million World events before 24 February 2022 to 25,515 during the opening invasion. This controls for the changing size of the World corpus and isolates the relative reporting shock.[6]
The opening invasion changes the action mix. Sanction rises from 9.8% to 18.1% of assigned events, while Threaten falls from 20.7% to 12.1%. Mobilize falls from 19.4% to 10.1%, while Assault rises from 0.4% to 2.2%. The labels distinguish implemented pressure and material action from pre-invasion rhetoric.[4][5]
The cohort requires a Russian and Ukrainian actor in the same canonical event. Coverage divides those events by all World events in each phase. Action shares divide by PLOVER-assigned cohort events. The opening invasion raises normalized coverage from 873 to 25,515 per million events. Sanction rises from 9.8% to 18.1%, while Threaten falls from 20.7% to 12.1%. The comparison describes the event record; it does not measure battlefield intensity.
Example usage 2 of 3
Example Usage: UAW action labels clearly separate threatened disruption from actual strike activity
United Auto Workers reporting changes when the stand-up strike begins on 15 September 2023. Threaten accounts for 47.6% of assigned actions before the walkout and falls to 9.1% during the strike. Protest rises from 14.3% to 39.4%, separating bargaining pressure from realized action across Ford, General Motors and Stellantis.[7]
The transition creates a production-risk clock. Threats affect strike probability and contingency planning; Protest marks active disruption to plants, suppliers and inventories. PLOVER aligns automakers and exposed suppliers to reported action before tests of deliveries, margins, revisions or relative returns.[1]
- Threaten
- -38.5pp
- Protest
- +25.1pp
- Mobilize
- +4.3pp
- Normalized coverage
- +67 per million
The fixed English cohort requires UAW or United Auto Workers plus an automaker, strike, contract or wage term from 15 August through 15 December 2023. The chart shows 29 August through 20 November. Lines pool action counts across the current and prior 27 days, then divide by all PLOVER-assigned cohort events across the full contract-negotiation and strike window for direct phase comparison.
Example usage 3 of 3
Example Usage: Concessions replace threats after the 2023 debt-ceiling agreement reduces immediate default risk
The 2023 United States debt-ceiling cohort changes action class when an agreement becomes credible on 27 May. Threaten accounts for 56.2% of 89 negotiation-phase events and falls to 17.6% around agreement. Concede rises from 7.9% to 58.8%, identifying compromise before the Fiscal Responsibility Act is signed.[8]
That distinction separates default-risk bargaining from resolution. A debt-ceiling keyword remains present in both phases while the reported action changes. PLOVER creates a point-in-time clock for testing Treasury-bill dislocations, yields, volatility and cross-asset hedges without using the final agreement to relabel prior observations.[1]
- Threaten
- -38.6pp
- Concede
- +50.9pp
- Reject
- -13.2pp
The fixed English cohort requires United States debt-ceiling or debt-limit language from April through July 2023. The chart shows 1 May through 15 June. Lines pool PLOVER action counts across the current and prior 20 days, then divide by all assigned cohort events. The agreement window contains 17 assigned events, so the transition remains descriptive rather than a causal market result from broad news volume.
Data and sources
Download PLOVER and References
Downloads
Download categories and counts as CSV, or the complete machine-readable release as JSON.
Release details and citation files
ManifestRelease READMECC0 license and scopeCitation fileChangelog
Need the complete World event schema? Open the World data dictionary.
References
- [1]Open Event Data Alliance. PLOVER: Political Language Ontology for Verifiable Event Records.
- [2]Goldstein, J. S. (1992). A conflict-cooperation scale for WEIS events data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 36(2), 369-385.
- [3]Caldara, D., & Iacoviello, M. (2022). Measuring geopolitical risk. American Economic Review, 112(4), 1194-1225.
- [4]Neely, C. J. (2022). Financial market reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Paper 2022-032.
- [5]Zaremba, A. et al. (2024). Empirical effects of sanctions and support measures on stock prices and exchange rates in the Russia-Ukraine war. Global Finance Journal, 59, 100925.
- [6]United Nations General Assembly. (2024). Official Records, 78th Session, 56th Plenary Meeting. A/78/PV.56.
- [7]United Auto Workers. (2023). Stand Up Strike begins at three locations.
- [8]The White House. (2023). Statement on the bipartisan budget agreement, 27 May 2023.
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